path: root/includes/database.inc

<?php
// $Id$

/**
 * @file
 * Wrapper for database interface code.
 */

/**
 * A hash value to check when outputting database errors, md5('DB_ERROR').
 *
 * @see drupal_error_handler
 */
define('DB_ERROR', 'a515ac9c2796ca0e23adbe92c68fc9fc');

/**
 * @defgroup database Database abstraction layer
 * @{
 * Allow the use of different database servers using the same code base.
 *
 * Drupal provides a slim database abstraction layer to provide developers with
 * the ability to support multiple database servers easily. The intent of this
 * layer is to preserve the syntax and power of SQL as much as possible, while
 * letting Drupal control the pieces of queries that need to be written
 * differently for different servers and provide basic security checks.
 *
 * Most Drupal database queries are performed by a call to db_query() or
 * db_query_range(). Module authors should also consider using pager_query() for
 * queries that return results that need to be presented on multiple pages, and
 * tablesort_sql() for generating appropriate queries for sortable tables.
 *
 * For example, one might wish to return a list of the most recent 10 nodes
 * authored by a given user. Instead of directly issuing the SQL query
 * @code
 *   SELECT n.title, n.body, n.created FROM node n WHERE n.uid = $uid LIMIT 0, 10;
 * @endcode
 * one would instead call the Drupal functions:
 * @code
 *   $result = db_query_range('SELECT n.title, n.body, n.created
 *     FROM {node} n WHERE n.uid = %d', $uid, 0, 10);
 *   while ($node = db_fetch_object($result)) {
 *     // Perform operations on $node->body, etc. here.
 *   }
 * @endcode
 * Curly braces are used around "node" to provide table prefixing via
 * db_prefix_tables(). The explicit use of a user ID is pulled out into an
 * argument passed to db_query() so that SQL injection attacks from user input
 * can be caught and nullified. The LIMIT syntax varies between database servers,
 * so that is abstracted into db_query_range() arguments. Finally, note the
 * common pattern of iterating over the result set using db_fetch_object().
 */

/**
 * Perform an SQL query and return success or failure.
 *
 * @param $sql
 *   A string containing a complete SQL query.  %-substitution
 *   parameters are not supported.
 * @return
 *   An array containing the keys:
 *      success: a boolean indicating whether the query succeeded
 *      query: the SQL query executed, passed through check_plain()
 */
function update_sql($sql) {
  $result = db_query($sql, true);
  return array('success' => $result !== FALSE, 'query' => check_plain($sql));
}

/**
 * Append a database prefix to all tables in a query.
 *
 * Queries sent to Drupal should wrap all table names in curly brackets. This
 * function searches for this syntax and adds Drupal's table prefix to all
 * tables, allowing Drupal to coexist with other systems in the same database if
 * necessary.
 *
 * @param $sql
 *   A string containing a partial or entire SQL query.
 * @return
 *   The properly-prefixed string.
 */
function db_prefix_tables($sql) {
  global $db_prefix;

  if (is_array($db_prefix)) {
    if (array_key_exists('default', $db_prefix)) {
      $tmp = $db_prefix;
      unset($tmp['default']);
      foreach ($tmp as $key => $val) {
        $sql = strtr($sql, array('{'. $key .'}' => $val . $key));
      }
      return strtr($sql, array('{' => $db_prefix['default'], '}' => ''));
    }
    else {
      foreach ($db_prefix as $key => $val) {
        $sql = strtr($sql, array('{'. $key .'}' => $val . $key));
      }
      return strtr($sql, array('{' => '', '}' => ''));
    }
  }
  else {
    return strtr($sql, array('{' => $db_prefix, '}' => ''));
  }
}

/**
 * Activate a database for future queries.
 *
 * If it is necessary to use external databases in a project, this function can
 * be used to change where database queries are sent. If the database has not
 * yet been used, it is initialized using the URL specified for that name in
 * Drupal's configuration file. If this name is not defined, a duplicate of the
 * default connection is made instead.
 *
 * Be sure to change the connection back to the default when done with custom
 * code.
 *
 * @param $name
 *   The name assigned to the newly active database connection. If omitted, the
 *   default connection will be made active.
 *
 * @return the name of the previously active database or FALSE if non was found.
 */
function db_set_active($name = 'default') {
  global $db_url, $db_type, $active_db;
  static $db_conns;

  if (empty($db_url)) {
    include_once 'includes/install.inc';
    install_goto('install.php');
  }

  if (!isset($db_conns[$name])) {
    // Initiate a new connection, using the named DB URL specified.
    if (is_array($db_url)) {
      $connect_url = array_key_exists($name, $db_url) ? $db_url[$name] : $db_url['default'];
    }
    else {
      $connect_url = $db_url;
    }

    $db_type = substr($connect_url, 0, strpos($connect_url, '://'));
    $handler = "./includes/database.$db_type.inc";

    if (is_file($handler)) {
      include_once $handler;
    }
    else {
      _db_error_page("The database type '". $db_type ."' is unsupported. Please use either 'mysql' or 'mysqli' for MySQL, or 'pgsql' for PostgreSQL databases.");
    }

    $db_conns[$name] = db_connect($connect_url);
  }

  $previous_db = $active_db;
  // Set the active connection.
  $active_db = $db_conns[$name];

  return array_search($previous_db, $db_conns);
}

/**
 * Helper function to show fatal database errors.
 *
 * Prints a themed maintenance page with the 'Site off-line' text,
 * adding the provided error message in the case of 'display_errors'
 * set to on. Ends the page request; no return.
 *
 * @param $error
 *   The error message to be appended if 'display_errors' is on.
 */
function _db_error_page($error = '') {
  global $db_type;
  drupal_maintenance_theme();
  drupal_set_header('HTTP/1.1 503 Service Unavailable');
  drupal_set_title('Site off-line');

  $message = '<p>The site is currently not available due to technical problems. Please try again later. Thank you for your understanding.</p>';
  $message .= '<hr /><p><small>If you are the maintainer of this site, please check your database settings in the <code>settings.php</code> file and ensure that your hosting provider\'s database server is running. For more help, see the <a href="http://drupal.org/node/258">handbook</a>, or contact your hosting provider.</small></p>';

  if ($error && ini_get('display_errors')) {
    $message .= '<p><small>The '. theme('placeholder', $db_type) .' error was: '. theme('placeholder', $error) .'.</small></p>';
  }

  print theme('maintenance_page', $message);
  exit;
}

/**
 * Returns a boolean depending on the availability of the database.
 */
function db_is_active() {
  global $active_db;
  return !empty($active_db);
}

/**
 * Helper function for db_query().
 */
function _db_query_callback($match, $init = FALSE) {
  static $args = NULL;
  if ($init) {
    $args = $match;
    return;
  }

  switch ($match[1]) {
    case '%d': // We must use type casting to int to convert FALSE/NULL/(TRUE?)
      return (int) array_shift($args); // We don't need db_escape_string as numbers are db-safe
    case '%s':
      return db_escape_string(array_shift($args));
    case '%%':
      return '%';
    case '%f':
      return (float) array_shift($args);
    case '%b': // binary data
      return db_encode_blob(array_shift($args));
  }
}

/**
 * Generate placeholders for an array of query arguments of a single type.
 *
 * Given a Schema API field type, return correct %-placeholders to
 * embed in a query
 *
 * @param $arguments
 *  An array with at least one element.
 * @param $type
 *   The Schema API type of a field (e.g. 'int', 'text', or 'varchar').
 */
function db_placeholders($arguments, $type = 'int') {
  $placeholder = db_type_placeholder($type);
  return implode(',', array_fill(0, count($arguments), $placeholder));
}

/**
 * Indicates the place holders that should be replaced in _db_query_callback().
 */
define('DB_QUERY_REGEXP', '/(%d|%s|%%|%f|%b)/');

/**
 * Helper function for db_rewrite_sql.
 *
 * Collects JOIN and WHERE statements via hook_db_rewrite_sql()
 * Decides whether to select primary_key or DISTINCT(primary_key)
 *
 * @param $query
 *   Query to be rewritten.
 * @param $primary_table
 *   Name or alias of the table which has the primary key field for this query.
 *   Typical table names would be: {blocks}, {comments}, {forum}, {node},
 *   {menu}, {term_data} or {vocabulary}. However, in most cases the usual
 *   table alias (b, c, f, n, m, t or v) is used instead of the table name.
 * @param $primary_field
 *   Name of the primary field.
 * @param $args
 *   Array of additional arguments.
 * @return
 *   An array: join statements, where statements, field or DISTINCT(field).
 */
function _db_rewrite_sql($query = '', $primary_table = 'n', $primary_field = 'nid', $args = array()) {
  $where = array();
  $join = array();
  $distinct = FALSE;
  foreach (module_implements('db_rewrite_sql') as $module) {
    $result = module_invoke($module, 'db_rewrite_sql', $query, $primary_table, $primary_field, $args);
    if (isset($result) && is_array($result)) {
      if (isset($result['where'])) {
        $where[] = $result['where'];
      }
      if (isset($result['join'])) {
        $join[] = $result['join'];
      }
      if (isset($result['distinct']) && $result['distinct']) {
        $distinct = TRUE;
      }
    }
    elseif (isset($result)) {
      $where[] = $result;
    }
  }

  $where = empty($where) ? '' : '('. implode(') AND (', $where) .')';
  $join = empty($join) ? '' : implode(' ', $join);

  return array($join, $where, $distinct);
}

/**
 * Rewrites node, taxonomy and comment queries. Use it for listing queries. Do not
 * use FROM table1, table2 syntax, use JOIN instead.
 *
 * @param $query
 *   Query to be rewritten.
 * @param $primary_table
 *   Name or alias of the table which has the primary key field for this query.
 *   Typical table names would be: {blocks}, {comments}, {forum}, {node},
 *   {menu}, {term_data} or {vocabulary}. However, it is more common to use the
 *   the usual table aliases: b, c, f, n, m, t or v.
 * @param $primary_field
 *   Name of the primary field.
 * @param $args
 *   An array of arguments, passed to the implementations of hook_db_rewrite_sql.
 * @return
 *   The original query with JOIN and WHERE statements inserted from
 *   hook_db_rewrite_sql implementations. nid is rewritten if needed.
 */
function db_rewrite_sql($query, $primary_table = 'n', $primary_field = 'nid',  $args = array()) {
  list($join, $where, $distinct) = _db_rewrite_sql($query, $primary_table, $primary_field, $args);

  if ($distinct) {
    $query = db_distinct_field($primary_table, $primary_field, $query);
  }

  if (!empty($where) || !empty($join)) {
    if (!empty($where)) {
      $new = "WHERE $where ";
    }
    $new = " $join $new";
    if (strpos($query, 'WHERE')) {
      $query = str_replace('WHERE', $new .'AND (', $query);
      $insert = ') ';
    }
    else {
      $insert = $new;
    }
    if (strpos($query, 'GROUP')) {
      $replace = 'GROUP';
    }
    elseif (strpos($query, 'HAVING')) {
      $replace = 'HAVING';
    }
    elseif (strpos($query, 'ORDER')) {
      $replace = 'ORDER';
    }
    elseif (strpos($query, 'LIMIT')) {
      $replace = 'LIMIT';
    }
    else {
      $query .= $insert;
    }
    if (isset($replace)) {
      $query = str_replace($replace, $insert . $replace, $query);
    }
  }

  return $query;
}

/**
 * Restrict a dynamic tablename to safe characters.
 *
 * Only keeps alphanumeric and underscores.
 */
function db_escape_table($string) {
  return preg_replace('/[^A-Za-z0-9_]+/', '', $string);
}

/**
 * @} End of "defgroup database".
 */

/**
 * @defgroup schemaapi Schema API
 * @{
 *
 * A Drupal schema definition is an array structure representing one or
 * more tables and their related keys and indexes. A schema is defined by
 * hook_schema(), which usually lives in a modulename.install file.
 *
 * By implementing hook_schema() and specifying the tables your module
 * declares, you can easily create and drop these tables on all
 * supported database engines. You don't have to deal with the
 * different SQL dialects for table creation and alteration of the
 * supported database engines.
 *
 * hook_schema() should return an array with a key for each table that
 * the module defines.
 *
 * The following keys are defined:
 *
 *   - 'description': A string describing this table and its purpose.
 *     References to other tables should be enclosed in
 *     curly-brackets.  For example, the node_revisions table
 *     description field might contain "Stores per-revision title and
 *     body data for each {node}."
 *   - 'fields': An associative array ('fieldname' => specification)
 *     that describes the table's database columns.  The specification
 *     is also an array.  The following specification parameters are defined:
 *
 *     - 'description': A string describing this field and its purpose.
 *       References to other tables should be enclosed in
 *       curly-brackets.  For example, the node table vid field
 *       description might contain "Always holds the largest (most
 *       recent) {node_revisions}.vid value for this nid."
 *     - 'type': The generic datatype: 'varchar', 'int', 'serial'
 *       'float', 'numeric', 'text', 'blob' or 'datetime'.  Most types
 *       just map to the according database engine specific
 *       datatypes.  Use 'serial' for auto incrementing fields. This
 *       will expand to 'int auto_increment' on mysql.
 *     - 'size': The data size: 'tiny', 'small', 'medium', 'normal',
 *       'big'.  This is a hint about the largest value the field will
 *       store and determines which of the database engine specific
 *       datatypes will be used (e.g. on MySQL, TINYINT vs. INT vs. BIGINT).
 *       'normal', the default, selects the base type (e.g. on MySQL,
 *       INT, VARCHAR, BLOB, etc.).
 *
 *       Not all sizes are available for all data types. See
 *       db_type_map() for possible combinations.
 *     - 'not null': If true, no NULL values will be allowed in this
 *       database column.  Defaults to false.
 *     - 'default': The field's default value.  The PHP type of the
 *       value matters: '', '0', and 0 are all different.  If you
 *       specify '0' as the default value for a type 'int' field it
 *       will not work because '0' is a string containing the
 *       character "zero", not an integer.
 *     - 'length': The maximal length of a type 'varchar' or 'text'
 *       field.  Ignored for other field types.
 *     - 'unsigned': A boolean indicating whether a type 'int', 'float'
 *       and 'numeric' only is signed or unsigned.  Defaults to
 *       FALSE.  Ignored for other field types.
 *     - 'precision', 'scale': For type 'numeric' fields, indicates
 *       the precision (total number of significant digits) and scale
 *       (decimal digits right of the decimal point).  Both values are
 *       mandatory.  Ignored for other field types.
 *
 *     All parameters apart from 'type' are optional except that type
 *     'numeric' columns must specify 'precision' and 'scale'.
 *
 *  - 'primary key': An array of one or more key column specifiers (see below)
 *    that form the primary key.
 *  - 'unique key': An associative array of unique keys ('keyname' =>
 *    specification).  Each specification is an array of one or more
 *    key column specifiers (see below) that form a unique key on the table.
 *  - 'indexes':  An associative array of indexes ('indexame' =>
 *    specification).  Each specification is an array of one or more
 *    key column specifiers (see below) that form an index on the
 *    table.
 *
 * A key column specifier is either a string naming a column or an
 * array of two elements, column name and length, specifying a prefix
 * of the named column.
 *
 * As an example, here is a SUBSET of the schema definition for
 * Drupal's 'node' table.  It show four fields (nid, vid, type, and
 * title), the primary key on field 'nid', a unique key named 'vid' on
 * field 'vid', and two indexes, one named 'nid' on field 'nid' and
 * one named 'node_title_type' on the field 'title' and the first four
 * bytes of the field 'type':
 *
 * @code
 * $schema['node'] = array(
 *   'fields' => array(
 *     'nid'      => array('type' => 'serial', 'unsigned' => TRUE, 'not null' => TRUE),
 *     'vid'      => array('type' => 'int', 'unsigned' => TRUE, 'not null' => TRUE, 'default' => 0),
 *     'type'     => array('type' => 'varchar', 'length' => 32, 'not null' => TRUE, 'default' => ''),
 *     'title'    => array('type' => 'varchar', 'length' => 128, 'not null' => TRUE, 'default' => ''),
 *   ),
 *   'primary key' => array('nid'),
 *   'unique keys' => array(
 *     'vid'     => array('vid')
 *   ),
 *   'indexes' => array(
 *     'nid'                 => array('nid'),
 *     'node_title_type'     => array('title', array('type', 4)),
 *   ),
 * );
 * @endcode
 *
 * @see drupal_install_schema()
 */

 /**
 * Create a new table from a Drupal table definition.
 *
 * @param $ret
 *   Array to which query results will be added.
 * @param $name
 *   The name of the table to create.
 * @param $table
 *   A Schema API table definition array.
 */
function db_create_table(&$ret, $name, $table) {
  $statements = db_create_table_sql($name, $table);
  foreach ($statements as $statement) {
    $ret[] = update_sql($statement);
  }
}

/**
 * Return an array of field names from an array of key/index column specifiers.
 *
 * This is usually an identity function but if a key/index uses a column prefix
 * specification, this function extracts just the name.
 *
 * @param $fields
 *   An array of key/index column specifiers.
 * @return
 *   An array of field names.
 */
function db_field_names($fields) {
  $ret = array();
  foreach ($fields as $field) {
    if (is_array($field)) {
      $ret[] = $field[0];
    }
    else {
      $ret[] = $field;
    }
  }
  return $ret;
}

/**
 * Given a Schema API field type, return the correct %-placeholder.
 *
 * Embed the placeholder in a query to be passed to db_query and and pass as an
 * argument to db_query a value of the specified type.
 *
 * @param $type
 *   The Schema API type of a field.
 * @return
 *   The placeholder string to embed in a query for that type.
 */
function db_type_placeholder($type) {
  switch ($type) {
    case 'varchar':
    case 'char':
    case 'text':
    case 'datetime':
      return '\'%s\'';

    case 'numeric':
      // For 'numeric' values, we use '%s', not '\'%s\'' as with
      // string types, because numeric values should not be enclosed
      // in quotes in queries (though they can be, at least on mysql
      // and pgsql).  Numerics should only have [0-9.+-] and
      // presumably no db's "escape string" function will mess with
      // those characters.
      return '%s';

    case 'serial':
    case 'int':
      return '%d';

    case 'float':
      return '%f';

    case 'blob':
      return '%b';
  }

  // There is no safe value to return here, so return something that
  // will cause the query to fail.
  return 'unsupported type '. $type .'for db_type_placeholder';
}

/**
 * @} End of "defgroup schemaapi".
 */